IRRIGATION AND FLOOD CONTROL


      Optimal utilization of the water resources through appropriate conservation and management measures assumes critical importance in sustaining the life support systems. The demand for water in kerala is mainly for domestic, agriculture, prevention of salt water intrusion, and generation of electricity. Industrial demand is low, but is concentrated, (near Kochi) creating its own problems. The annual yield of water in Kerala in a normal year is around 7030 crore cubic metres and the ground water resource available is estimated at 7048 MCM. The utilizable water resources as per the earlier assessment is around 4200 crore cubic metres. Nearly 40 per cent of the available resources are lost as run off causing heavy floods. Kerala would require around 3000 crore cubic metres of water for agriculture, 750 crore cubic metres for domestic use and 1220 crore cubic metres for prevention of salt water intrusion. The pattern of demand for water is undergoing gradual but continuous changes towards increasing pressure for drinking and other household and commercial needs relative to the demand for irrigation as the emerging trend is towards less water demanding perennial crops in lieu of seasonal crops.

      Keeping in line with the national pattern and on the lines of earlier projects for rice growing areas, Kerala also relied on the development of major and medium irrigation projects. In each Plan, priority in allocation was given for the development of major and medium irrigation projects. Out of Rs. 2997 crore invested so far, major and medium irrigation projects account for Rs. 2072 crore, utilising 69 per cent of the total. But such huge investment has not succeeded in generating commensurate increase in the area irrigated or in productivity or in returns. As already mentioned, rice is the major crop benefited through irrigation infrastructure. Even in the case of this crop, the incremental yield, which the irrigation support could bring, is not significant. With the fast changes taking place in the farm front of Kerala with considerable reduction in the area under rice cultivation, even the systems already developed for gravity irrigation to service rice cultivation now require realignment in the distribution systems

      At the beginning of the Ninth Five Year Plan there were 15 ongoing projects. The strategy adopted under the Ninth Plan was to complete all the projects which were in the advanced stages of execution. Accordingly eight projects were targeted for completion which include Chimmony-Mupli, Pazhassi, Kanhirappuzha, Moovattupuzha, Kanakkankadavu, Kallada, Karappuzha and Idamalayar. The flow of adequate funds through the annual plans was also ensured in accordance with the pace with which the execution of works was progressing. Eventhough the schedule of completion as prescribed in the Plan could not be adhered to strictly, the policy helped in making considerable progress in the execution of the projects. Out of the eight projects, four projects, viz, Pazhassi, Kanakkankadavu, Kanhirappuzha and Chimmoni could be completed and Kallada is nearing completion. Execution of Moovattupuzha and Karappuzha projects could also be accelerated considerably so that they could be commissioned during the first two years of the Tenth Plan. The status of implementation of major and medium irrigation projects is presented in Table - 1. At the end of the Ninth Plan there are 18 completed projects, one project nearing completion and two projects in advanced stages of execution. In addition, there are three projects which are only in very preliminary stages of execution. These include Bridge-cum-Regulator at Chamravattom Bridge-cum-Regulator at Thrithala and Banasurasager. The re-investigation of the projects Vamanapuram, Chaliyar, Meenachil and Attappady is progressing

      The Command Area Development Authority was constituted in 1978 but the activities took momentum only after 1986. Altogether sixteen irrigation projects in the state were brought under CADA. The onfarm development works of the five projects namely Malampuzha, Mangalam, Walayar, Pothundi and Gayathri are nearing completion. However, in these projects irrigation management has not received the right setting.

      Even though minor irrigation schemes are best suited for irrigation in Kerala , adequate priority was not given the allocation of resources, or in technical studies or in the study of economics of such projects. From 1995-96 onwards, NABARD has been providing assistance under the RIDF for the speedy completion of the MI schemes. Assistance has been provided to take up 614 schemes under the different phases of RIDF.

Table 1

Status of Major irrigation Projects
Completed Projects
Ongoing Projects
Projects under Investigation
Sl. No. Name of Project Sl.No. Name of Project Sl. No. Name of Project
1
 Malampuzha
1
 Kallada
1
 Vamanapuram
2
 Mangalam
2
 Muvattupuzha
2
 Chaliyar
3
 Peechi
3
 Idamalayar
3
 Meenachil
4
 Vazhani
4
 Karapuzha
4
 Aralam
5
 Pothundi
5
 Kuriyarkutty Karappara
5
 Palakappandi
6
 Gayathri
6
 Chamravattom B/R
6
 Payaswini
7
 Cheerakuzhy
7
 Thrithala B/R
7
 Munnamkadavu
8
 Walayar
8
 Attappady
8
 Project in Kabini Basin
9
 Chalakudy
9
 Banasurasagar
10
 Neyyar
11
 Pamba
12
 Periyarvalley
13
 Chitturpuzha
14
 Kuttiyady
15
 Chimmoni
16
 Kanakkankadavu B/R
17
 Pazhassi
18
 Kanjirapuzha


      In flood control, most of the schemes are related to relief work for the affected areas. During the Ninth plan, basin wise studies were proposed for the identification of flood prone areas. However, progress in this direction is quite limited and flood control works continue to be on conventional lines like strengthening the river banks, construction of retaining walls, embankments, layout of field channels etc. In the coastal zone management, instead of traditional approach of construction of sea wall for protection, multipronged approach was suggested during the Ninth plan period, integrating engineering, eco preservation, regulatory and management measures. However, for want of operationalisation of the new strategy, construction of sea walls continues to be the sole intervention for the protection of coastal zones. In flood control and coastal zone management, the identification and execution of works are on adhoc basis and largely based on public pressure and there is no system for the assessment of needs and priorities.

      Ground water development is another segment coming under minor irrigation. Around 25 per cent of the ground water resource potential has been tapped and the coastal and low lying regions of the midland in general offer good scope for ground water development. Out of the 152 blocks in Kerala, eight have been identified as critical, six as semi critical, two as over exploited and 136 as safe. Traditionally irrigation management has been considered as a departmental exercise without any provision for participatory approach either in the selection of the works or in their execution and management. So also there is no effective mechanism for assessing the resource availability, its conservation and efficient utilisation during each season with a view to optimise returns.

      There have been three externally aided projects under implementation during the Ninth Five Year Plan which include World Bank Assisted National Hydrology Project, EEC assisted Kerala Minor Irrigation Project (KMIP) and Dutch assisted Kerala Community Irrigation Project (KCIP). Out of this, two projects ,viz, KMIP and KCIP have been completed. The Kerala Minor Irrigation Project aimed at creation or rejuvenation of surface irrigation structures such as vented cross bars, tanks, weirs and subsurface dykes in potential areas. Originally targeted area for irrigation was 17,500 ha of paddy through the implementation of 575 schemes which subsequently reduced to 7300 ha and 251 schemes due to the slow progress of the project. But the irrigation potential created was only 4420 ha. The Community Irrigation Project was intended to develop ground water resources in Thrissur District with the active participation of the beneficiary communities. Through this project 131 bore wells have been drilled. The progress of implementation of the National Hydrology Project is slow and the physical achievement so far include installation of ten river gauge stations, nine new meteorological stations, four first grade laboratories and one second grade laboratory. The project will be completed in 2003.

      Since local governments have to spend about 40 per cent of their allocation in productive sector several minor irrigation schemes have been taken up. However a good number of schemes have not resulted in increasing water availability as undue emphasis was given to protective structures.


Tenth Plan - Approaches and Strategies

      A strategy for water resources development and utilization for irrigation and other purposes, recognizing water as a scarce economic resource as well as common property and ensuring its utilization and management with utmost care and prudence is envisaged in the Tenth Plan. Key elements of this strategy are:

  1. Ongoing projects taken up years ago would be completed during the plan period. The details are given below:

Table 2
Ongoing Major Irrigation Projects

Name of Project
Starting year
Original estimate (Rs. crores)
Revised Estimate as per 1999 schedule of rates(Rs. crores)
Scheduled year of completion
Expected cost*(Rs. crores)
Muvattupuzha
1974
20.86
515.00
2003-04
581.47
Karappuzha
1975
7.60
253.00
2004-05
234.43
Thrithala
1998
19.00
26.60
2004-05
19.46
Chamravattom
1985
13.27
120.00
2004-05
9.99**
Banasura sagar
1979
8.00
50.00
2004-05
59.26
Idamalayar
1981
17.85
412.00
2007
254.31

            * Includes anticipated expenditure till March 2002 and tenth plan allocation
            ** Execution on BOT basis
  1. Revamping of 1st and 2nd generation irrigation projects would be taken up to improve the current level of utilization by taking into account the changes that have taken place over time and bringing about necessary modifications. This will be done in partnership with local governments and user groups.


  2. Water resources planning and management will be taken to the river basin level by aggregate watershed based plans prepared locally. This will be done in five major river basins during the Plan period - Chaliyar, Barathapuzha, Periyar, Pumpa-Achenkovil and Neyyar.


  3. Special focus would be given to revival, conservation and upgradation of local water resources and traditional systems of water management. Technical assistance would be provided to local governments to invest in these areas to make the local water resources sustainable. Local Water Resources Development and management will be given a major boost.


  4. Ground water exploitation would be based only after proper zonation and with the involvement of farmers at the local level.


  5. Flood management would be taken up on a more scientific manner by preparing master plans for major flood prone areas.


  6. Appropriate technology would be introduced in coastal zone management particularly for control of sea erosion.


  7. An information system of hydrological data would be developed and disseminated to institutions and public.


  8. A total reorientation of the department would be attempted through a properly designed training programme which would use the institutional strength of the Centre for Water Resource Development and Management (CWRDM) and Kerala Engineering Research Institute, Peechi. These institutions would also be requested to carry out research and development in this sector with special reference to redevelopment of local water harvesting and water management systems.

Reforms Suggested

  1. A river based organisation would be set up by redeploying staff. The existing departmental system would be restructured to suit the needs of water resources management on a river basin level.


  2. Local governments would be given an important role in providing irrigation at the local level. The existing minor irrigation and lift irrigation schemes would be transferred to the appropriate local government after rehabilitation.


  3. Farmers' participation would be introduced in a big way. For all new local irrigation schemes taken up by Panchayats beneficiary contribution to the tune of 15 per cent of the capital cost would be insisted on. The entire operation and maintenance would be handed over to water users' groups formed for the purpose.


  4. Technical personnel from the Irrigation Department would be redeployed and sent to the local governments to provide engineering support to them.


  5. Legal measures would be designed to protect ground water exploitation.


  6. Systems would be put in place to check unauthorized blocking of drainage by individuals and groups.


Table 3
Physical Targets for Tenth Plan

Type of Irrigation Additional Gross area to be irrigated(Lakh ha) Projects to be completed(Nos)
Major Irrigation
0.90
6
Minor Irrigation
0.50
2050

I. Major and Medium Irrigation

1.Time bound completion of old projects

1.MUVATTUPUZHA

(Outlay 2002-07 - Rs.20000.00 lakhs)
(Outlay 2002-03 - Rs.3500.00 lakhs)

      The project envisages the utilisation of the tailrace water from the Idukki Hydro electric project. The tailrace water which is let off into the Thodupuzha river and the run off from the catchment upstream of Thodupuzha river is impounded by constructing a dam across Thodupuzha river at Malamkara, 8 km upstream of Thodupuzha town. Water from the reservoir is intended to give irrigation facilities to 17370 ha.(net) and 34737 ha.(gross) in Ernakulam, Kottayam and Idukki Districts. It is also proposed to generate 4.77 M.W. of power and to release 700 cusec (19.82 m3/ sec.) of water for Velloor News Print factory and 65 cusec (1.84m3/sec.) for water supply and industrial use.

      The work on the project was commenced in1974. The original project cost was Rs.20.86 crores. The latest estimate as per 1999 schedule of rates is Rs.515 crores. The cumulative expenditure is Rs.339.14 crores. The work relating to the dam and major portion (76%) of the main canal are completed. The branches and distribution system remain to be completed. Out of a total length of 58.5 km. of branches 15.865 km and 28.01 km. of distributaries out of a total of 184 km. has been completed.

       The project is to be completed by 2003-04. In order to complete the balance works an outlay of Rs.200 crores is proposed for Tenth Plan and Rs.35 crores for 2002-03. The outlay proposed is to accelerate the execution of the project.

2. Karappuzha.

(Outlay 2002-07 - Rs.5000.00 lakhs)
(Outlay 2002-03 - Rs.2900.00 lakhs)

      Karapuzha is the first irrigation project taken up in Wayanad district in1975. The scheme is to construct an Earthen Dam across Karapuzha at Vazhavatta with a stroage reservoir and canal systems. The original estimate of the project was Rs.7.60 crores and the latest estimate as per 1999 schedule of rates is Rs.253 crores. The cumulative expenditure as on 6/2001 is Rs.179.15 crores. The project was assisted under the RID Fund of NABARD for speedy completion during the Ninth plan period. But the project could not be completed as scheduled. Construction of the dam and 80% of works in the main canal were completed. The distributories are only in the investigation stage. During Tenth Plan it is proposed to complete the project by completing the essential items of works which will optimise the benefit of the infrastructure already created within a period of two years in a phased manner. It is proposed to complete the remaining works in the dam and main canal during the first year and the remaining works in the branches and finishing works for commissioning during the second year. Detailed estimate for the remaining works to be taken up along with the actual ayacut to be benefitted may be got approved before taking up the work. No annual outlay will be provided for the project after the first two years of the plan period. The outlay proposed is for completing the work proposed.

3.Banasurasagar Project

(Outlay 2002-07 - Rs.5000 lakhs)
(Outlay 2002-03 - Rs.200 lakhs)

      The scheme consists of a dam across Karamanathodu, a tributary of Panamaram river constructed by KSEB and a canal system to be constructed by the Irrigation Department. It is proposed to irrigate 2800 ha. (net) and 4740 ha.(gross) in Wayanad district by using water released from a sluice in the dam constructed by KSEB. The dam is in the advanced stage of execution. The work of the project was started with an estimated cost of Rs.8.00 crores. The latest estimate at 1999 schedule of rates is Rs.50 crores. The cumulative expenditure as on 6/2001 is Rs.6.40 crores. The project is expected to be completed in 2004-05. An outlay of Rs.50 crores is proposed for Tenth Plan and Rs.2 crores is proposed for 2002-03.

2. Construction of Regulator-cum-Bridge at Chamravattom.

(Outlay 2002-07 Rs.200.00 lakhs)
(Outlay 2002-03 Rs.50.00 lakhs)

      The project envisages the construction of a regulator-cum-bridge at Chamravattom across Bharathapuzha. The project was started in 1999. The project is intended to provide assured drinking water to 14 panchayats and 2 municipalities, to connect the two coastal towns Tirur and Ponnani by a bridge reducing the road length by 20 km, to provide irrigation facilities for 9659 ha (gross) in Malapuram and to prevent salinity intrusion towards the upstream of the regulator. The total cost of the scheme is Rs.70 crore as per 1999 schedule of rates. The implementation of the Project is through an Authority (Chamravattom Regulator Authority) constituted for the purpose. It is proposed to take up the work on BOT basis. The outlay proposed is to meet the initial expenses of the project.

3. Bridge-cum-regulator at Thrithala.

(Outlay 2002-07 Rs.500.00 lakhs)
(Outlay 2002-03 Rs.300.00 lakhs)

      The project envisages construction of a regulator-cum-bridge across Bharathapuzha at Thrithala (Velliyamkallu) in Ottappalam Taluk in Palakkad district to provide irrigation facilities to 3997 ha.(gross) in Ottappalam Taluk, drinking water facilities to Kunnamkulam, Chavakkad and Guruvayoor Municipalities and 18 panchayats in the project area and to connect the Kozhikode-Guruvayoor road which would help to reduce the distance by 11 KM. The revised cost is Rs.26.60 crore as per 1999 schedule of rates. The cumulative expenditure up to 6/2001 is Rs.8.59 crores. The detailed investigation of the project is completed and the execution of the work has been started with RIDF assistance. The outlay is for accelerating the execution of the project and completing it within the time schedule fixed by NABARD.

4. Kuriyarkutty Karappara Project.

(Outlay 2002-07 - Rs. 100.00 lakhs)
(Outlay 2002-03 - Rs.100.00 lakhs)

       This is a multipurpose project intended to provide irrigation to17488 ha. (net) in Kozhinjampara area in Palakkad District. The head structure of the project was envisaged under Power sector while canal construction is under irrigation. The Irrigation department has gone ahead with canal construction while the clearance for head structure under Power sector was pending clearance from Government of India. As the clearance for the construction of head structure under Power sector is not imminent, the canal construction has to be stopped at a convenient stage in 2002-03 with as low an outlay as possible. If more than Rupeess One crore is necessary for closing, it will be found by reappropriation.

5. Idamalayar Irrigation Project

(Outlay 2002-07 - Rs.12500.00 lakhs)
(Outlay 2002-03 - Rs.500.00 lakhs)

      The Project envisages the utilisation of the tailrace water from the Idamalayar hydroelectric Project. The tailrace water, which is impounded under Periyar Valley Irrigation Scheme, is drawn through a canal system. The main feature of the Scheme is the construction of the Main canal from Periyar Barrage towards right. This bifurcates into two; one is Low Level Canal and the other Link Canal. The Low Level Canal is to irrigate the low-lying areas. The Link Canal is connected with the Chalakkudy LB Main canal at Poothenkutty. The project is proposed to irrigate 14060 ha.(net). The cumulative expenditure till 6/2001 is Rs.114.27 crores. The work on the project was commenced in 1981 with an estimated cost of Rs.17.85 Lakhs. The latest estimate of the project as per 1999 schedule is Rs.412 crores.

      Length of the Main canal is 32.278 Km. and Low Level Canal is 27.25 Km. while that of Link Canal is 6.75 Km. Remodelling of the Chalakkudy R.B. Main Canal and L.B. Canal, raising height of Thumpoormuzhi weir across Chalakkudy river and beautification of Malayattur Lake (Manappattuchira) are also proposed to be taken up under this scheme.

      The outlay proposed is for accelerating the work of the project.

Other Programmes

6. Revamping and consolidation of major irrigation Projects.

(Outlay 2002-07 - Rs.2900.00 lakhs)
(Outlay 2002-03 - Rs.400.00 lakhs)

      This programme was introduced during the Ninth plan period. Under this programme nine out of ten old projects (completed before 1970) were taken up. Rehabilitation packages have been drawn up based on detailed study of the current status of each project, its resource base, current level of utilisation, changes that have taken place over time, both water resource and utilisation, cropping systems and the modifications necessary to make it more effective and beneficial on individual basis after evaluating the cost benefit. The project will be continued in the Tenth Plan as a spill over scheme. This activity will be extended to the second generation projects during the Tenth Plan. The outlay is for the purpose.

7. Efficient Management of Major Irrigation Systems.

(Outlay 2002-07 - Rs.2000.00 lakhs)
(Outlay 2002-03 - Rs.400.00 lakhs)

       In order to increase the efficiency of the projects, timely and proper maintenance is necessasry. Realising the inadequacy of non-plan funds for maintenance of projects, a new scheme was introduced during the Ninth Plan period to provide assistance for the proper upkeep of the irrigation systems. Projects which were not supported under revamping and consolidation programme need be assisted under this scheme. The outlay is for the purpose.

8. Investigation of Major Irrigation Projects.

(Outlay 2002-07 - Rs. 5000.00 lakhs)
(Outlay 2002-03 - Rs.600.00) lakhs)

      There are projects pending execution for want of clearance, preparation of detailed project reports/revision of the project reports as multipurpose one for establishing viability etc. The State Government have decided to complete the investigation of all the projects in the pipeline in the Kerala portion of the interstate river systems on a priority basis. The staff support provided for these projects has to be continued and the investigation of these projects have to be expedited. Since all these projects are in different stages of investigation, the allocation for these projects is given as a lumpsum provision to give flexibility in its operation. The manpower attached to these projects will be pooled and utilised in a need based and economic manner.

9. National Hydrology Project.

(Outlay 2002-07 - Rs.400.00 lakhs)
(Outlay 2002-03 - Rs. 400.00 lakhs)

      This is a World Bank aided project operated jointly by the Irrigation and Ground Water Departments for building up a database, covering all aspects of the surface and ground water hydrology. The project was started in 1995-96 and the duration of the project is 6 years. The original estimate of the project was Rs.35.97 crores and the revised cost is Rs.32.78 crores. Out of this, the provision for the surface water component is Rs.17.51 crores. The cumulative expenditure under surface water is Rs.6.49 crores as on 3/2001. The project was due for completion during 2001-02. But the term has been extended to one more year. The outlay proposed is for the continuance and completion of the project.

10. Development of Kerala Engineering Research Institute (KERI), Peechi

(Outlay 2002-07 - Rs.400.00 lakhs)
(Outlay 2002-03 - Rs.95.00 lakhs)

      Kerala Engineering Research Institute (KERI), Peechi is the only research institute under Irrigation for undertaking research activities on project design and irrigation systems. During Tenth Plan, it is proposed to upgrade the Institute into a full fledged research organisation capable of undertaking research and estimates on project design and irrigation systems. The implementation will be based on a project report to be prepared and got approved by government.

11. Investigation and Design Organisation with an autonomous status.

(Outlay 2002-07 Rs.350.00 lakhs)
(Outlay 2002-03 Rs.100.00 lakhs)

      In the existing set up the investigation work connected with the new projects is taken up by creating an investigation division attached to every new project. The design and preparation of project report will be done by IDRB. The investigation division formed for the projects is retained as such till the completion of the project. If the project is delayed due to any technical or other reasons, these divisions remain idle with out any work. During the tenth plan period it is proposed to lay down a new procedure for identification of new projects. Before investigation is done a feasibility study has to be prepared and placed before a high level interdisciplinary committee for approval. With the approval of the Committee detailed investigation will be done for which an independent Investigation Wing will be created by redeployment of existing staff. This wing will have full autonomy in identification, investigation, design, appraisal and even securing funds support. The present investigation and design organisation can be merged with the new set up and fully modernised, similar to KERI. The outlay is for the purpose. A portion of the outlay will be utilised for meeting the expenses on research work and training activities.

12. Dam Safety Organisation and Executing Dam safety Measures.

(Outlay 2002-07 - Rs. 800 lakhs)
(Outlay 2002-03 - Rs. 100 lakhs)

      As per government of India norms a Dam Safety Organisation has been created in Kerala. In order to take up timely action with regard to dam safety a budgetary support is included during the Tenth plan period. The outlay is for executing dam safety measures.

13. Formation of River Basin Organisations (RBOs)

(Outlay 2002-07 Rs.1000 lakhs)
(Outlay 2002-03 Rs.100 lakhs)

       A river basin approach has to be followed in assessing the availability of water resources and their optimal utilisation integrating it with the various needs in the command area. It is proposed to organise RBO's in five major river basins viz, Chaliyar, Bharthapuzha, Periyar, Pamba-Achancovil and Neyyar during 10th plan by redeployment of existing staff. The RBO's will address the issues of soil conservation, pollution control, flood control, optimum usage of water resources in a river and long term conservation of river as water resource. Separate rules will be framed for the structure/functioning of the organisation. The outlay is for the formation of the organisations and taking up river basin studies on two river basins on a pilot basis.

14. Post Facto Evaluation.

(Outlay 2002-07 - Rs.50.00 lakhs)
(Outlay 2002-03 - Rs.5.00 lakhs)

      This is an ongoing programme. The scheme envisages conduct of post facto evaluation of all major and medium irrigation projects. The outlay proposed is for continuing the programme.

15. Assistance to CWRDM.

(Outlay 2002-07 - Rs. 300 lakhs)
(Outlay 2002-03 - Rs.50 lakhs)

      Centre for Water Resources Development and Management is conducting training for professionals of Irrigation, Agriculture and other departments and farmers on improved participatory water management. CWRDM is also conducting training programmes for Grama Panchayat officials on various aspects of planning and implementation of water resources related development programmes and development of panchayats through land, water and biomass management. The outlay is for meeting the expenditure connected with the training programmes.

16. Assistance for winding up of projects

(Outlay 2002-07 - Rs. 3500.00 lakhs)
(Outlay 2002-03 - Rs.1200.00 lakhs)

      The scheme is for providing assistance for the recently completed projects/ for the projects nearing completion for the final payment of bills and towards completing the executed works. The outlay is for such expenditure relating to Pazhassi, Kanhirappuzha and Kallada. The scheme will not be continued beyond 2003-04

MINOR IRRIGATION

      With the introduction of decentralised planning several important development activities in the State were transferred to the Local Self Governments during Ninth Plan. Eventhough Minor Irrigation is one of the activities transferred it is felt that already started minor irrigation works and the schemes receiving RIDF assistance of NABARD are to be continued under the state sector. New minor irrigation schemes other than RIDF assisted ones will not be taken up by the Irrigation Department. During Tenth Plan an outlay of Rs.205 crore is proposed for Minor Irrigation of which Rs.24 crore is for the year 2002-03. Out of this, the amount proposed for Ground Water Development is Rs.50 crore for the Tenth Plan and Rs.9 crore for 2002-03. The outlay proposed for Surfacewater Development is for completion of the ongoing works and taking up new programmes to be sanctioned by NABARD.

A. Groundwater Development

1. Investigation and Development of Groundwater Resources

(Outlay 2002-07 - Rs.2869.00 lakhs)
(Outlay 2002-03 - Rs.388.00 lakhs)

      This is a continuing scheme. The activities included under the scheme are investigation of groundwater potential, preparation of detailed hydrogeological maps and compilation of district groundwater reports, technical support for development of groundwater sources and helping farmers for acquiring sources of irrigation on individual as well as self help basis, guiding farmers in the adoption of appropriate lifting devices, groundwater management etc. Studies on geology, geophysics, rock structure, hydrology, remote sensing, well inventory and related studies in the fields to understand the hydrogeological features of the area are carried out under this programme. The physical programmes proposed for 10th Plan would include, basin-wise survey covering 7500 KM2, digging of 50000 open wells and 2500 bore wells for benefiting an area of 21000 hectares. It is proposed to strengthen the groundwater organistion by providing infrastructrural facilities like drilling machines and other materials for the development of groundwater resources in the State. The outlay proposed is for the continuance of the ongoing programmes as well as for strengthening the groundwater organisation. The service facilities at the district-level will be strengthened so as to enable the units to provide technical and service supports required by the local bodies in time.

2. Scheme for Control and Regulation of Ground Water Exploitation

(Outlay 2002-07 - Rs.5.00 lakhs)
(Outlay 2002-03 - Rs.1.00 lakh)

      The objective of the scheme is for the enactment and enforcement of suitable legislation with immediate effect to avoid over exploitation of groundwater and ensure equitable distrtibution of the resource to all sections of the society. The outlay proposed is to meet the cost connected with the enforcement of the legislation.

3. Scheme for Training of Personnel

(Outlay 2002-07 - Rs.5.00 lakhs)
(Outlay 2002-03 - Rs.1.00 lakh)

The objective of the scheme is to provide training for the technical and scientific personnel of the Department in the relevant fields of scientific source finding, technology of well construction and ground water conservation and management. Training facilities available within the country will be provided under the scheme. . The outlay is for the purpose.

4. National Hydrology Project

(Outlay 2002-07 Rs.1911.00 lakhs)
(Outlay 2002-03 Rs.500.00 lakhs)

      This is an externally assisted (World Bank) project. The objective of the project is to build a data base on all aspects of the surface and ground water hydrology and hydrogeology. The data will be collected from the existing net-work stations and additional ones to be set up in different parts of the State. The total cost of the project is Rs.32.78 crores out of which the groundwater component is Rs.15.71 crores. The project is expected to be completed in 2003. The outlay is for the continuance of the programme.

5. Rajiv Gandhi Drinking Water Scheme (S.S. 50%)

(Outlay 2002-07 - Rs.210.00 lakhs)
(Outlay 2002-03 - Rs.10.00 lakhs)

      The objective of the scheme is to provide drinking water to the non covered/partially covered habitations through out the state by digging bore wells. The assistance from Government of India will be for purchase of drilling equipments, quality monitoring, geophysical equipments, training to familiarise the various aspects of operation, repair and maintenance of hand pumps etc. Under this scheme, it is proposed to take up group/community projects to provide drinking water with the participation of beneficiaries through village panchayats. The outlay is for the implementation of the scheme.

B. Surfacewater Development

1. Lift Irrigation

(Outlay 2002-07 - Rs.4250.00 lakhs)
(Outlay 2002-03 - Rs.425.00 lakhs)

      Works involving lifting of water by mechanical means with a command area not less than 45 hectares come under this category. Priority will be given for completing all the works which are in advanced stages of execution. The outlay proposed is for completing the State programmes, as well as NABARD assisted schemes taken up under various phases of RIDF and for supporting new RIDF programmes proposed to be implemented during the Tenth Plan period.

2. Minor Irrigation Class - I

(Outlay 2002-07 - Rs.10000.00 lakhs)
(Outlay 2002-03 - Rs.1000.00 lakhs)

      Minor works like improvements to tanks and rivulets, construction of check dams, sluices, regulators, bunds, vented cross bars, salt water barriers, layout of channels and drainage structures etc. that serve an area more than 50 ha upto 2000 ha come under this category. NABARD has sanctioned financial assistance for the implementation of minor irrigation class-I programmes during the Ninth Plan period. But these programmes could not be completed as scheduled. Spill over commitments under this category has to be completed and new schemes sanctioned by NABARD has also to be supported. The outlay proposed is to complete all the committed schemes both State and NABARD assisted as well as for taking up new programmes assisted by NABARD during the Tenth Plan period.

3. Detailed Investigation of Minor Irrigation Works and Preparation of Projects for NABARD assisted Minor Irrigation works.

(Outlay 2002-07 - Rs.250.00 lakhs)
(Outlay 2002-03 - Rs.25.00 lakhs)

      Institutional finance/Central assistance can be availed only through submission of project proposals. The proposals may be submitted in the form of project reports. Under Irrigation, financial assistance is availed from NABARD under RIDF for taking up medium/minor irrigation works through submission of project reports. At present there is no provision for meeting the expenditure for the preparation of project reports. Hence a provision is proposed under plan for meeting the expenditure in connection with the preparation of project reports. Under this scheme local governments would be technically assisted in preparing projects for lift irrigation and Class I Minor Irrigation works.


4. Repairs to Minor Irrigation Structures

(Outlay 2002-07 - Rs.1000.00 lakhs)
(Outlay 2002-03 - Rs.50.00 lakhs)

      Most of the minor irrigation structures constructed long back are in dilapidated condition and need urgent repairs for the upkeep of the system to irrigate the command for which it is meant. During the Ninth Plan period, a scheme was introduced for the repairs of the minor irrigation structures. The assistance under the scheme will be sanctioned based on detailed project proposals in a need based manner. The rehabilitated MI structures will be handed over to the local governments to be maintained by farmer groups.

III. FLOOD MANAGEMENT

1. Basin-wise studies for Evolving Flood Prone strategies.

(Outlay 2002-07 - Rs.500.00 lakhs)
(Outlay 2002-03 - Rs.100.00 lakhs)

      Under flood management, the budgetary support now being made available is largely used for taking up ameleorative measures on an adhoc basis in flood affected areas. Embankments and retaining walls are the common items often supported under the scheme and they at best act as protective barriers without anyway helping to reduce the intensity of floods. There was no attempt in the past for assessing the flood incidences, their intensity, pattern of occurrence and vulnerability of different regions. Flood proofing is feasible only after identifying the root cause of floods from its origin. It is therefore proposed to organise a basin wise study in major river systems which are vulnerable to flood, to find out the causes of flood and its intensity. Flood management measures would be evolved on the basis of the proposed study. The study may be completed by the first year of the 10th Plan. The outlay proposed is for the purpose.

2. Implementation of Master Plan for Flood Protection.

(Outlay 2002-07 - Rs.500 lakhs)
(Outlay 2002-03 - Rs. NIL)

      Preparation of a flood management plan involves detailed study of the river basins which are subjected to flood damages on a recurring basis. A pilot study will be organised in selected river basins and on that basis replicable models of river basin management plans will be worked out. This would help in drawing up action plans on short term and long term basis for other basins which are prone to floods. The outlay proposed is for the implementation of the master plan for food protection during the Tenth Plan period. The pilot study and preparation will be made using existing staff.

IV. COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT

(Outlay 2002-07 - Rs.4000 lakhs)
(Outlay 2002-03 - Rs.500 lakhs)

      The budgetary support made available under the head 'Anti-sea erosion' is being utilised for construction of new sea wall and reformation of old sea wall. The total coastal line identified as vulnerable for erosion/accretion is 470 Km. Out of this, till the end of 3/2001, 359.9 Km of new sea wall has been constructed and reformation works were carried out in 87 kms. During Tenth Plan, it is proposed to utilise modern technologies like geo-textiles, polyethene fabrics/sheets, nourishment of foreshore with bio materials etc. for coastal protection. It is proposed to construct new sea wall to a length of 19 kms and reformation works to a length of 12 km. The outlay is for continuing the programme.

V. Command Area Development

1. Command Area Development Programme

(Outlay 2002-07 - Rs.6500.00 lakhs)
(Outlay 2002-03 - Rs.1000.00 lakhs)

      This is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme. The scheme envisages the development of command areas in 16 completed projects namely Malampuzha, Mangalam, Walayar, Pothundy, Gayathri, Peechi, Vazhani, Chalakkudy, Neyyar, Cheerakuzhy, Pamba, Periyarvelly, Chitturpuzha, Kuttiyadi, Pazhassi and Kanjirapuzha with a total ayacut of 2.03 lakh ha. The main items of works are construction of field channels, field drains, warbandhi systems in canals etc. The onfarm development works of the 5 projects Malampuzha, Mangalam, Walayar, Pothundy, Gayathri are nearing completion. The programme will be continued in the remaining projects. During the Tenth Plan, Kallada project will also be brought under CADA. The proposed outlay is the state share for continuing the Command Area Development Programmes. The outlay is for meeting the state share of the CSS.

2. Local Level Water Resources Development and Management

(Outlay 2002-07 - Rs.1000.00 lakhs)
(Outlay 2002-03 - Rs.200.00 lakhs)

      Local level Water Resources Development and Management through participatory approach is given thrust during the Tenth Plan with a view to attain sustainable local self sufficiency regarding water requirements including irrigation requirement of the area. The revival of the local systems through integrated watershed development is vital for the grass root level development of the State. Local water resource development and management is the responsibility of the Local Governments which can be realised as a collaborative venture involving concerned line departments and R&D institutions. During Tenth Plan models for local water resource development and management will be developed by R&D institutions like CWRDM as the first step. These models will be implemented all over the State subsequently. Necessary awareness training for all concerned will be organised at a later stage.

      The outlay proposed for 2002-03 is to undertake two pilot studies by CWRDM viz., handing over one distributory/branch canal each in Malampuzha and Neyyar irrigation projects to farmers after modernization/revamping and preparation of Management Action Plan (MAP) for the development of Vembanad Kole wetland system and developing operational rules for Thanneermukkam and Enamakkal barrage. The detailed project reports will be approved jointly by the Department and State Planning Board, before launching of the studies.